Multi Channel Merchandising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Multi Channel Merchandising - Essay Example "Super" shoppers, as they are identified in the report, are more likely to be customers of all three channels and purchase four times more frequently online than the average online shopper. "Super" shoppers purchase from a retailer's store 70% more frequently than the average store customer and 110% more frequently from the retailer's catalog. The study reports that reaching the "super" multi-channel customer is primary to a retailers' success. Retailers face big risks if they don't support their online channel. Significant levels of cross-channel purchasing were reported. Online shoppers were found to be the most active, with 78% purchasing from both the Web site and the brick-and-mortar store. Among those with a preference, 73% of store shoppers prefer to research their purchases online. Store shoppers in the 35-44 age group were 24% more likely to look for or purchase items in-store that they previously had seen on a retailer's Web site. Shoppers with household incomes between $75,000 and $99,999 were 55% more likely to browse online before buying. Multi-channel retail excellence remains elusive. Many retail executives readily acknowledge that they are far from realizing rewards from true multi-channel integration. Discussions with retail executives showed a wide range of sophistication levels across a number of important business areas. Some retailers have received buy-in from senior executives and are measuring Return On Investment (ROI) in an advanced way -- using tangible revenue results and intangible factors. Other retailers are just beginning to take ROI issues to senior executives and are struggling with internal conflict over...Of course many a housewife would tell you shopping is more than purchasing a need or a want. It is an experience in itself. The concept of retail therapy is not a new one and will probably be never out of fashion. The Wall street learnt what these housewives knew already in the dot-com bust. The learning which came out this was that net would continue to be an effective tool in retailing but it was not necessarily a either/or proposition. All companies needed to have a presence on the net and other areas to reach a new market of customers. A Key report came out in 2001 after the dust settled on the dotcom bust2. The summary of it was as follows: The majority of retailers looking at ROI in an advanced manner have history behind them-they tend to be catalog retailers, and according to this research, their importance to the future of multi-channel retailing excellence is crucial. According to a report by the Interactive Media in Retail Group (IMRG), the industry body for e-retailers, online spending rose to 4.2 billion in July, up 80 per cent year on year. While this is great news for a retail industry blighted by poor high street sales, such surveys provide only a top line view of consumer behaviour. Without doubt, this surge in online activity denotes growing consumer confidence, despite escalating fears of identity theft and poor online security.

Facing the Giants focuses Essay Example for Free

Facing the Giants focuses Essay The movie entitled Facing the Giants focuses on the life and struggles of a high school football coach, Grant Taylor. It represents a life full of problems and difficulties but was able to overcome them all because of God’s power and intervention. It centers on the theme that with God all things are possible. it tells about what faith can do in times of difficulties. As a high school football coach his life circles around his team. His goal is to win the game but his team is always on the losing side. He pressures his team towards success but it would not come. He has friends and family to support him all the time. Later on he realizes that his relationship with God is not that deep and personal. He started to re commit his life to God. He started to build his faith and trust God for every details of his life. This also changes his communication techniques with his team. Using the EMC equation (identified need +intentional resourcing= enlarging the conversation) in the story, the coach identified the needs of his team and find ways to meet and provide this needs. He enlarges the conversation by not just talking about the game but also including God in the whole process. The coach build his teams confidence and provide all the trainings and at the same time talks about their spiritual life and right relationship with God. They started to have bible studies and become prayerful. Success in every areas of his life followed. Looking at the role of enlarging the conversational context, significant changes in their relationship occurs. It bridges the gaps and promotes understanding, trust and encouragement. The relationships expand and develop into more satisfying and enduring experience.

Kingship in Shakesperean Plays Essay -- Kings Royalty Shakespeare Essa

Kingship in Shakesperean Plays Due to the powerful influence of the monarchy, the nature, duties and responsibilities of kingship were of particular interest to Shakespeare. The mark of a bad king was the decline of the political, social and economic climates, while the mark of a good king was the blossoming of such worlds. Therefore, the characteristics of the person occupying the kingship were crucial to the health of the nation. Shakespeare explores this issue in many of his plays by examining the traits of poorly fulfilled kingships, and the political and social ramifications of such monarchical failures. He does this most notably in Macbeth and Richard II. In both plays Shakespeare ultimately concludes that tyrants are formed by their own lack of foresight, strong lusts for power, overly large egos, unstable natures and rash tempers. When a king fails his country it is because he has neglected his duties and responsibilities to the state. To do so is to spit in the face of God, the state and the people . Thus, in both Macbeth and Richard II, Shakespeare defines the nature, duties and responsibility of a successful kingship by exploring the ramifications and manifestations of a denial of or lack of such characteristics in the person occupying this position. Throughout the Shakespearian plays, particularly in those that explore the issues of kingship, the theme of foresight runs strong. A king must have considerable levels of foresight within his nature in order to retain the kingship. He must be able to identify potential threats to his throne by recognizing unhealthy lusts for power and ambition in the men and women that surround him. If a king does not have this foresight within his nature, or if he ... ...God more greatly than a blasphemous utterance from a commoner. A king’s sacrilege is divine betrayal to the highest degree. Thus, in both Macbeth and Richard II, Shakespeare outlines the duties of kingship, and implies that to deny such responsibilities is to betray God, the state and the people. Throughout his plays, Shakespeare explores the nature, duties and responsibilities of kingship. A healthy amount of foresight and suspicion must be within a king’s nature in order to recognize ambition in the men and women that surround him. He must also be benevolent, reward the loyal, and think of the wants and needs of his nation before he thinks of his own selfish interests. To not do so will result in not only the devastation of a nation, but it is also sacrilege. Shakespeare explores and supports this theme most notably convincingly in Macbeth and Richard II.

Human Evolution Essay

Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or â€Å"great apes†). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earl iest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or â€Å"great apes†). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or â€Å"great apes†). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or â€Å"great apes†). Th e study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or â€Å"great apes†). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or â€Å"great apes†). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Gen etic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo. Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or â€Å"great apes†). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earl iest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or â€Å"great apes†). The study of human evolutio n involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into th e australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or â€Å"great apes†). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the b asic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or â€Å"great apes†). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or â€Å"great apes†). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the ba sic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or â€Å"great apes†). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or â€Å"great apes†). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embry ology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or â€Å"great apes†). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Gen etic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or â€Å"great apes†). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or â€Å"great apes†). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the ba sic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo. Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or â€Å"great apes†). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earl iest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or â€Å"great apes†). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.

Opposites Attract

Opposites attract, similar to how magnets are drawn to each other. This tragic love story sheds light on Romeo and Juliet, a pair of star-crossed lovers. The play Romeo and Juliet, written by William Shakespeare, features a love story between the two main characters, Romeo and Juliet and takes place in Verona, Italy. There are two rival families, the Capulets and the Montagues, and Juliet and Romeo are the â€Å"star-crossed lovers† from the two opposing families. In Act II Scene II, Romeo is talking to Juliet on the balcony immediately after they meet.Here, Shakespeare reveals Romeo’s and Juliet’s personalities in the scene. Shakespeare reveals a passionate and impulsive side to Romeo, while on the other hand, reveals a hesitant and cautious side to Juliet. Shakespeare reveals that Romeo has a passionate, as well as impulsive love for Juliet. In the balcony scene he says to Juliet, â€Å"My life were better ended by their hate, than death prorogued, wanting of thy love. †(82) This suggests that Romeo is saying that he would choose death over Juliet not loving him, and reveals his fervent love for Juliet.Also, he boldly states, â€Å"Therefore thy kinsmen are no stop to me. †(72) He declares this because he is so deeply in love with her. He has the courage to say this even when he knows that Juliet’s relatives want to kill him because he is a Montague. Romeo’s impulsive behavior is suggested when he asks, â€Å"Th’ exchange of thy love’s faithful vow for mine†(134). Even though Romeo had just met Juliet that night, he proposes that they get married, which reveals that he is impetuous. Romeo is characterized as passionate but impulsive, which leads him rushing into decisions, and ultimately his death.Juliet is shown to be hesitant and cautious because is mature beyond her age. She is cautious about Romeo’s love for her, almost skeptical of it, because she says to him, â€Å"And if thou dost love, pronounce it faithfully† (99). This shows that she wants to be reassured that he truly loves her. When Romeo proposes for them to marry, she responds â€Å"It is too rash, too unadvised, too sudden† (125) which shows that Juliet thinks that they should be careful, because she believes their love is developing too quickly.She then compares their love to what it could be, â€Å"Too like the lightning, which doth cease to be† which means that like lightning, their love can disappear as fast as it appeared. She is worried that this will happen to them as well. Her cautious and hesitant behavior balances out Romeo’s character and actions. Shakespeare suggests that Romeo and Juliet are very different in character. Romeo is quick to act, while Juliet takes her time and thinks of the possible outcomes. Their personalities create a perfect balance.Although they complete each others’ personalities, their young and sudden love is like the always ch anging and tumultuous ocean. The two lovers should not rush into their love because their love for each other, as Juliet says â€Å"Follow thee my lord throughout the world†, foreshadows that Juliet will ultimately follow Romeo into death because of their love. Love holds the power to make people do extraordinary things but sometimes may lead to irreversible consequences, such as death.

Statutory Interpretation In Australia essays

Statutory Interpretation In Australia essays Statutory interpretation is where judges interpret the meanings of words in a statute to determine and classify if and how it will apply in similar or different cases. This statutory interpretation or judicial interpretation can be created and applied as judicial precedents for other cases. Judges are making laws when determining the words in an Act. Statutes need interpreting for a number of different reasons. Parliaments language in acts of parliament can be ambiguous and unclear. Many words in an act may need definitions and classifications. The interpretation of the statute helps to clarify the intention and words of the statute. An example of this is the SA Road Traffic Act in the case of R v McGuinness, which needed to be interpreted so that the word driving was clearly defined to clearly understand what the term driving involved. With changes in time and circumstance there is a change in societys values and attitudes and therefore their must be a change in the way statutes are interpreted. An example regarding the legislation on telephonic devices, is the wording other like services meant to include fax or digital photographs? This must be decided by statutory interpretation. Many meaning of words has changed from there past meanings and statutory interpretation is needed to explain exactly what the words mean and what the Act is intended for. It is also needed for ambiguities, when different words and meanings are used in Acts and Regulations were disputes are created. The complexity of the law in areas such as taxation law can be very complicated and cause disputes regarding the meaning of the legislation, statutory interpretation is required to solve this problem. It is needed to decide how words of an Act apply to a particular case. Parliamentary aids or guidance along with common law guidance is used when deciding the meaning of statutes and regulations. Pa...

Changing Your Canadian Postal Address Online

Changing Your Canadian Postal Address Online When you move, you can change your mailing address online and redirect your mail using the mail forwarding tool from Canada Post. The process is simple, and the fee is the same as you pay when you go to a postal outlet to fill in a form. The cost of mail forwarding varies depending on where you move, and different costs apply to individuals and businesses. You can make a permanent address change, which will forward your mail for up to 12 months, or a temporary address change if youre going on an extended vacation or wintering down south. The tool also allows you to select whether to have businesses informed of the address change. When to File Your Mail Forwarding Request For residential moves, you must submit your request at least five days before you move. For business moves, you must submit your request at least 10 days before you move. Canada Post recommends filing your request up to 30 days before either type of move. Restrictions on Using the Change of Address Online Service The online service for change of address is not available in some instances. For example, mail addressed to customers who receive mail through a shared postal address cannot be forwarded. This includes  individuals receiving mail through an institution such as a business, hotel, motel, rooming house, nursing home, hospital or school;  businesses with a common postal address; and  mail received through privately administered mailboxes. In cases of dissolved partnerships, divorce, and similar situations, if there is a dispute over who should receive the mail, Canada Post requires a joint written agreement signed by both parties. If restrictions apply to your situation, you can still go to your local postal outlet and fill in a form to redirect your mail the usual way. You can also find more information in the Canada Post mail forwarding service manual. How to Edit or Extend an Address Change Canada Post lets you easily make changes or updates to your request online. Getting Additional Help If you need help or have questions about the change of address online service, fill in the Canada Post customer service inquiry form.  General inquiries about the Mail Forwarding service should be directed to customer service at  canadapost.ca/support  or by phone at 800-267-1177.

History of the Inca Empire

History of the Inca Empire The Inca Empire was the largest prehispanic society of South America when it was discovered by the Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro in the 16th century AD. At its height, the Inca empire controlled all of the western part of the South American continent between Ecuador and Chile. The Inca capital was at Cusco, Peru, and the Inca legends claimed they were descended from the great Tiwanaku civilization at Lake Titicaca. Origins Archaeologist Gordon McEwan has built an extensive study of archaeological, ethnographic, and historical sources of information on the Inca origins. Based on that, he believes that the Inca arose from the remnants of the Wari Empire based at the site of Chokepukio, a regional center built about AD 1000. An influx of refugees from Tiwanaku arrived there from the Lake Titicaca region about AD 1100. McEwan argues that Chokepukio may be the town of Tambo Tocco, reported in Inca legends as the originating town of the Inca and that Cusco was founded from that city. See his 2006 book, The Incas: New Perspectives for more detail on this interesting study. In a 2008 article, Alan Covey argued that although the Inca arose from the Wari and Tiwanaku state roots, they succeeded as an empire- compared to the contemporary Chimà º State,  because the Inca adapted to regional environments and with local ideologies. The Inca began their expansion from Cusco about 1250 AD or so, and before the conquest in 1532 they controlled a linear stretch of some 4,000 kilometers, including nearly one million square kilometers in area and over 100 different societies in coastal regions, pampas, mountains, and forests. Estimates for the total population under Incan control range between six and nine million persons. Their empire included land in what are the modern countries of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. Architecture and Economics To control such a huge area, the Incas built roads, including both mountainous and coastal routes. One existing fragment of the road between Cusco and the palace of Machu Picchu is called the Inca Trail. The amount of control exercised by Cusco over the rest of the empire varied from place to place, as might be expected for such a huge empire. Tribute paid to the Inca rulers came from farmers of cotton, potatoes, and maize, herders of alpacas and llamas, and craft specialists who made polychrome pottery, brewed beer from maize (called chicha), wove fine wool tapestries  and made wooden, stone, and gold, silver and copper objects. The Inca were organized along a complex hierarchical and hereditary lineage system called the ayllu system. Ayllus ranged in size from a few hundred to tens of thousands of people, and they governed access to such things as land, political roles, marriage, and ritual ceremonies. Among other important duties, ayllus took maintenance and ceremonial roles involving the preservation and care of honored mummies of the ancestors of their communities. The only written records about the Inca that we can read today are documents from the Spanish conquistadors of Francisco Pizarro. Records were kept by the Inca in the form of knotted strings called quipu (also spelled khipu or quipo). The Spanish reported that historical records- particularly the deeds of the rulers- were sung, chanted, and painted on wooden tablets as well. Timeline and Kinglist The Inca word for ruler was capac, or capa, and the next ruler was chosen both by heredity and by marriage lines. All of the capacs were said to be descended from the legendary Ayar siblings (four boys and four girls) who emerged from the cave of Pacaritambo. The first Inca capac,  the Ayar sibling Manco Capac, married one of his sisters and founded  Cusco. The ruler at the height of the empire was Inca Yupanqui, who renamed himself Pachacuti (Cataclysm) and ruled between AD 1438-1471. Most scholarly reports list the date of the Inca empire as beginning with Pachacutis rule. High-status women were called coya and how well you could succeed in life depended to a degree on the genealogical claims of both your mother and father. In some cases, this led to sibling marriage, because the strongest connection you could have would be if you were the child of two descendants of Manco Capac. The dynastic king list which follows was reported by the Spanish chroniclers such as  Bernabà © Cobo  from oral history reports and, to a degree, it is somewhat under debate. Some scholars believe that there was actually a dual kingship, each king ruling half of Cusco; this is a minority viewpoint. Calendrical dates for the reigns of the various kings were established by Spanish chroniclers based on oral histories, but they are clearly miscalculated and so are not included here (some reigns supposedly lasted over 100 years). Dates included below are those for  capacs  that were personally remembered by the Inca informants to the Spanish. Kings Manco Capac (principal wife his sister Mama Occlo) ca. AD 1200 (founded  Cusco)Sinchà ­ Roca (principal wife Manco Sapaca)Lloque Ypanqui (p.w. Mama Cora)Mayta Capac (p.w. Mama Tacucaray)Capac YupanquiInca RocaYahuar HuacacViracocha Inca (p.w. Mama Rondocaya)Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (p.w. Mama Anahuarqui, built the  Coricancha  and  Machu Picchu, reformed Inca society) [ruled AD 1438-1471], royal estates at Pisac,  Ollantaytambo  and Machu PicchuTopa Inca (or Tupac Inca or Topa Inca Yupanqui) (principal wife his sister Mama Occlo, first capac considered supernatural in his lifetime) [AD 1471-1493], royal estates at Chinchero and  ChoquequiraoHuayna Capac [AD 1493-1527], royal estates at Quespiwanka and Tombebamba[civil war between Huascar and Atahuallpa 1527]Huascar [AD 1527-1532]Atahuallpa [AD 1532](Inca conquered by Pizarro in 1532)Manco Inca [AD 1533]Paullu Inca Classes of Incan Society The kings of the Inca society were called  capac. Capacs could have multiple wives, and often did. Inca nobility (called  Inka) were mostly hereditary positions, although special persons could be assigned this designation.  Curacas  were administrative functionaries and bureaucrats. Caciques  were agricultural community leaders, responsible for maintenance of agricultural fields and tribute payment. Most of the society was organized into  ayllus, who were taxed and received domestic goods according to the size of their groups. Chasqui  were message runners who were essential to the Inca system of government. Chasqui traveled along the  Inca road system  stopping at outposts or  tambos  and  were said to be able to send a message 250 kilometers in one day  and to make the distance from Cusco to Quito (1500 km) within one week. After death, the  capac,  and his wives (and many of the highest officials) were mummified and kept by his descendants. Important Facts Alternate names:  Inca, Inka, Tahuantinsuyu or Tawantinsuyu (the four parts together in Quechua)Population:  Estimates widely accepted by Inca scholars range between six and 14 million within an area extending from Colombia to Chile, in 1532 when the Spanish arrived.State language:  Inca rulers adopted a form of Quechua for their administrative language  and doing so spread it into outlying areas of their empire, but the Inca incorporated many different cultures and their languages. The Inca called their form of Quechua runasimi or mans speech.Writing system:  The Inca apparently kept accounts and perhaps historical information using a  quipu, a system of knotted and dyed string; according to the Spanish, the Inca also chanted and sang historical legends and painted wooden tablets.Ethnographic sources:  Lots of ethnographic sources are available about the Inca, primarily Spanish military leaders and priests who were interested in conquering the Inca. These texts are var iously useful and often quite biased. Some few examples include  Bernabà © Cobo, Historia del Nuevo Mundo 1653, and Relacion de las huacas, among many other reports;  Garcilaso de la Vega, 1609; Diez Gonzalez Holguin, 1608; anonymous Arte y vocabulario en la lengua general del Peru, 1586; Santo Tomas, 1560; Juan Perez Bocanegra, 1631; Pablo Joseph de Arriaga, 1621; Cristobal de Albornoz, 1582 Economics Intoxicants:  Coca, chicha (maize  beer)Markets:  A widespread trade network facilitated by open marketsCultivated crops:  Cotton, potatoes,  maize, quinoaDomesticated animals:  Alpaca,  llama,  guinea pigTribute  was paid to Cusco in goods and services; tribute tallies were kept on quipu and an annual census was kept including the number of deaths and birthsLapidary arts:  ShellMetallurgy:  Silver, copper, tin and to a lesser extent gold were cold-hammered, forged, and air-annealedTextiles:  Wool (alpaca and  llama) and cottonAgriculture:  When necessary in the steep Andean terrain, the Inca built terraces with a gravel base and stepped retaining walls, to drain excess water and allow water flow from the terrace tread to the next terrace downslope. Architecture Construction techniques used by the Inca included fired adobe mud bricks, roughly shaped stones interspersed with mud mortar, and large, finely shaped stones coated with mud and clay finishing. The shaped stone architecture (sometimes called pillow-faced) is among the finest in the world, with large stones sanded into tight jigsaw like patterns. The pillow-faced architecture was reserved for temples, administrative structures and royal residences like Machu Picchu.Many Inca military installations and other public architecture were constructed throughout the empire, at sites such as Farfn (Peru), Qara Qara and Yampara (Bolivia), and Catarpe and Turi (Chile).The Inca Road  (Capaq Ñan or Gran Ruta Inca) was built connecting the empire  and included some 8500 kilometers of major thoroughfare crossing fifteen distinct ecosystems. 30,000 kilometers of subsidiary trails branch off the main road, including the Inca Trail, which is the part that leads from Cusco to Machu Picchu. Religion Ceque system: a system of shrines and ritual pathways radiating out from the capital city of Cusco. Emphasis on ancestor worship and fictive kinship structures (ayllus).Capacocha ceremony: a state event that involved the sacrifice of objects, animals and sometimes children.Burials:  The Inca dead were mummified and placed in open sepulchers so that they could be disinterred for important annual ceremonies and other rituals.Temples/shrines  known as huacas included both built and natural structures Sources: Adelaar, W. F. H.2006  Quechua. In  Encyclopedia of Language Linguistics. Pp. 314-315. London: Elsevier Press.Covey, R. A. 2008  Multiregional Perspectives on the Archaeology of the Andes During the Late Intermediate Period (c. A.D. 1000–1400).  Journal of Archaeological Research  16:287–338.Kuznar, Lawrence A. 1999 The Inca Empire: Detailing the complexities of core/periphery interactions. Pp. 224-240 in  World-Systems Theory in Practice: Leadership, production, and exchange, edited by P. Nick Kardulias. Rowan and Littlefield: Landham.McEwan, Gordon. 2006  The Incas: New Perspectives.  Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. Online book. Accessed May 3, 2008.

CRM Go Digital Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

CRM Go Digital - Dissertation Example The researcher states that the sampling is one of the major areas on which the success of any study is dependent. There are various types of sampling. For doing the statistical studies, the methods of sampling that we generally use are probability and non-probability sampling. Among them, various other subdivisions are present that are used to distinguish the study according to the requirement. Here, the study is about the relative impact of the CRM digital techniques on the industry. According to me, there are multiple problems with the sampling technique used here. It is not all adequate by any stretch of the imagination. To begin with, the data was sent out to the selected names from the particular database. The sampling technique was basically destined to be probability sampling, but the sampling technique acquired the attributes of non –probability sampling due to the data collection methodology in place here. The survey was answered in various phases, which would have ad ded to the redundancy of the data. The other factor, which is extremely important here is the sample size that is taken. Given the importance and the vast scope of the subject, the sample size should have been much larger with a larger number of participants. Secondly, the sample population should have been taken from more than one of the databases so as to reduce the redundancy in the collected data. The other factor where it would help out is the reduction of the sampling errors over a particular population and also lead to a reduction in the bias that would be obvious if only one set of the population is taken into the account. Therefore, the errors that have been noticed here are the selection bias and the sampling bias. Both of these biases are detrimental to the integrity of the collected data. One of these causes the collected data to lose out on the accuracy, whereas the other one creates redundancy. The applied statistical technique is the best and the most adequate one for the current study. The advantages, the disadvantages of the technique are discussed in particular details here. The statistical method applied here is being deconstructed here to understand and comprehend the associated features. The statistical method used here is the probability sampling. The advantages of probability sampling are the lesser tendency to be biased due to the greater variety and size of the sample. This is also expedited by the fact that the probability of each element of the sample to be selected is more than one. The other advantage is that the sampling error can be determined, which makes it possible for the statistical changes to be accounted for the various indicators. The problems, however, for the methodology used are manifold. The process used here is too lengthy, the expedition takes a lot of the time, very little flexibility, judgmentally small numbers cannot be chosen for the process. This also necessitates that all the samples are present for the proces s. But, looking at it from a wider point of view, it could be understood that the sampling methodology used id not all pervasive. Lastly, the regression technique of the analysis of the data can only be used if the data population is small in number.

Monitoring U.S. citizens' phone conversations to detect potential Essay

Monitoring U.S. citizens' phone conversations to detect potential terriorist threats - Essay Example Such provisions threaten the quintessential American way of life. Liberty and freedom have always been a fundamental part of the American ethos and values. The very spirit of American political life and popular expectations simply do not allow the state to extend its sway beyond a point where it not only interferes with the personal and professional lives of people and individuals, but rather tempers with the privacy of their private and professional phone conversations. National security is really very important. However, the concerns for national security cannot be allowed to irrationality expand to a level where they start hampering the normal activities of the citizens. The act of monitoring the phone conversations of citizens is also unconstitutional and violates the Fourth Amendment rights of the citizens, which constitute a part of the Bill of Rights (Dripps, 2007). Superficially speaking, the Fourth Amendment to the constitution of the United States of America intends to prot ect the citizens from illegal search and seizures. Surprisingly, the very purpose of this Amendment was to check the abuse of general search warrants in the American Revolution (Dripps, 2007). In the historical Katz v.

Select a topic you would like to write ( writing about drama) Essay

Select a topic you would like to write ( writing about drama) - Essay Example American women in the 19th century were deterred from lustrous careers and they were denied self independence by the men. Their main sphere of operation in the society was restricted to the kitchen and the bedroom. Women did not have the right to vote or sit as members of the jury. Their opinions were considered of less importance in making essential decisions in the American education system, politics, economy, legislation and many others. Men in the US, in the 19th century, dominated all aspects of life in the American society except the nurturing of children and families; an activity that was allocated to women. In the play â€Å"Trifles† by Susan Glaspell, women are considered less educated, less equipped, less qualified and inferior to compete in the male dominated society. The men claimed the society advanced due to their intellectual property, strength, skills and ability to develop emotional intelligence in solving societal problems. George Henderson is a young but professional county attorney (Glaspell 455). He is called upon by local residents to investigate a murder case of Mr. John Wright, who was strangled by a rope in the wee hours of the night in his sleep. The county attorney has great respect for the law although he is quick to dismiss the female characters’ vested interest in non-essential details concerning domestic work. He also disparages the suspect, Mrs. Wright, for what he observes as lack of proper and normal house cleaning abilities allocated to women. Henry Peters, a middle aged man, is the area sheriff and Mrs. Peter’s Husband (Glaspell 455). He is interested in the murder case because it is his duty as a law enforcer to protect and serve the locals. Like the county attorney, he teases the female characters on their topic of conversation, which is the suspect’s quilt. He uses laughs light-heartedly at the women’s less

Economic and Moral Devastation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economic and Moral Devastation - Essay Example Your long introductory paragraph is informative, but your topical statement in the opening remarks does not give a hint of the elaborative content that readers stumble upon through the paragraph. The mention of the period in question gives us a historical background. However, I would suggest an inclusion of characters in the society other than the Populist Party that raised the alarm on the possible outcomes of the changes that were being noticed. Failure to mention Karl Marx is a great injustice to your essay given he was in the front line while advocating against capitalism. As seen in his work, he was against the idea of exploitation of laborers and peasants to generate wealth for just a few in the society. In his work, he asserts that the state had allowed few characters to accumulate capital â€Å"by increasing the degree of exploitation of labor†.   Marx addresses the concerns of your essay better as he sees how the capitalists take advantage of the proletarians and tu rn their blood and sweat to their wealth. It even hurts to realize that labor does not fetch as much as before as its supply is plenty. As Mooney notices, â€Å"their high wages were gone for good†.I find your essay address those elements that came with capitalism, but it again falls short of expectation when you downplay the rise of social classes. The United States had become conscious of classes, and the working class was the latest development back then. As you use the Populist Party as your pillar in examining the morality of capitalism.

GPA and Universities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

GPA and Universities - Essay Example Students who fail to meet minimum standards in a particular field are usually denied admission to such institutions which results in curbing their enthusiasm as well hope, sometimes leading to despair. GPA (Grade Point Average) secured during higher secondary education is one of the foremost criteria for placing a student in a favorable position for securing admission to an institute of higher learning. However, if one looks into the history of mankind all major discoveries and inventions which have benefitted mankind are not necessarily the products of people who were brilliant as students at a young age. Considering one’s GPA for measuring capability is therefore an erroneous way of evaluation for higher education. It is therefore justified that anyone who has merely attended the minimum academic program should be allowed admission to universities, irrespective of GPA. Research on students’ academic performance at universities the world over has yielded pertinent and variable information which suggests multiple factors for academic performance in later years of education which may be independent of academic levels attained in schools. In fact, many universities across the US as well as in other parts of the world are seriously considering the evaluation of the validity of the admission tests which have been employed for too long without justification. In a study conducted at the University of Michigan, student academic success was evaluated across different units using preadmission indicators such as high school GPA and standardized test scores (www.umich.edu). A number of additional factors like race, ethnicity, gender, socio-economic status, etc. were considered for standardizing the results and the study evaluated academic performance of students over a span of ten years at the university. Although the document available at the universit y website does not give the results of this study, the

Economic and Moral Devastation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economic and Moral Devastation - Essay Example Your long introductory paragraph is informative, but your topical statement in the opening remarks does not give a hint of the elaborative content that readers stumble upon through the paragraph. The mention of the period in question gives us a historical background. However, I would suggest an inclusion of characters in the society other than the Populist Party that raised the alarm on the possible outcomes of the changes that were being noticed. Failure to mention Karl Marx is a great injustice to your essay given he was in the front line while advocating against capitalism. As seen in his work, he was against the idea of exploitation of laborers and peasants to generate wealth for just a few in the society. In his work, he asserts that the state had allowed few characters to accumulate capital â€Å"by increasing the degree of exploitation of labor†.   Marx addresses the concerns of your essay better as he sees how the capitalists take advantage of the proletarians and tu rn their blood and sweat to their wealth. It even hurts to realize that labor does not fetch as much as before as its supply is plenty. As Mooney notices, â€Å"their high wages were gone for good†.I find your essay address those elements that came with capitalism, but it again falls short of expectation when you downplay the rise of social classes. The United States had become conscious of classes, and the working class was the latest development back then. As you use the Populist Party as your pillar in examining the morality of capitalism.

Contemporary Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Contemporary Marketing - Essay Example The company was formed in 1998, by two Stanford University students Larry Page and Sergey Brin (Hamen, 2011). The company has grown extensively over the years and has in many ways surpassed the basic objective of accumulating all information and providing easier accessibility across the globe. As explained in the website, â€Å"From offering search in a single language we now offer dozens of products and services—including various forms of advertising and web applications for all kinds of tasks—in scores of languages. And starting from two computer science students in a university dorm room, we now have thousands of employees and offices around the world† (Google, 2011). The company now has a wide range of products and services and several different options which help make it easier for the world to share the information. For instance the company has developed several applications like Gmail, Google Calendar, Google Docs and many others which help in better acces sibility to data and information. The further sections will deal with the impact of technology on several aspects of marketing of Google (Hamen, 2011). Marketing communication is a major part of every business and in some ways can be considered to be a subset of marketing itself. The marketing of a company is based on the marketing mix (4 Ps in the case of products and 7 Ps in the case of services), and marketing communication is a means of promoting the marketing mix of a company. Technology and marketing go hand in hand and with the ever changing technology, the options for marketing communication have also increased to a great extent (Jobber, 2009). Marketing communication within a company needs to be integrated as it helps keep the customers aware of the brand name and image. Advancing technology is definitely not a trend and this has a number of

About School Essay Example for Free

About School Essay I believe in school now in days the curriculum kills our crea? vity. Not the teachers. The teachers are only there to help teach the curriculum. Now in days you can’t write whatever you want any more or do whatever you want any more in school. There is no choice. Its either op? on â€Å"A† or op? on â€Å"B†. Kids growing up in this era will have no imagina? on because it’s all straight forward stu$. Teacher get mad at you if you doodle on your paper or step out of line in the hall way. See more: Satirical elements in the adventure of Huckleberry Finn essay Kids won’t want to be crea? ve because they won’t know what crea? ve is. I %nd that the curriculum is to worried on geng the informa? on to the kids other than leng them %nd out ways to show the informa? on or talk about it. It’s just all wri? ng and wri? ng, no free choice anymore. In the poem it’s the same thing. The boy gets made fun of and hurt because he was trying to be crea? ve. No one can do their own stu$ anymore.

Psychological Novel in English Literature | Essay

Psychological Novel in English Literature | Essay A psychological novel, also called psychological realism, is a work of prose fiction which places more than the usual amount of emphasis on interior characterization, and on the motives, circumstances, and internal action which springs from, and develops, external action. The psychological novel is not content to state what happens but goes on to explain the motivation of this action. In this type of writing character and characterization are more than usually important, and they often delve deeper into the mind of a character than novels of other genres. The psychological novel can be called a novel of the inner man, so to say. In some cases, the stream of consciousness technique, as well as interior monologues, may be employed to better illustrate the inner workings of the human mind at work. Flashbacks may also be featured. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_novel) The period (1900-1950) witnessed a great change in the novel and a variety of many and different kinds of novels emerged within this period. Before the rise of the psychological novel, there used to be the traditional novel in which the writer told his stories for their own sake, keeping himself and his ideas out of them, and drawing his characters mainly from the outside, clearly seen figures in a clearly observed world. (133) However, writers like Richardson and Fielding involved their own philosophy of life to their novels. Dickens started using the novel as a tool for the reform of social evils in his society. Psychoanalysis began to appear with the late Victorian writers. With the late Victorian period, psychological analysis began to appear in novels like that of Henry James. James focused on the motives and psychology of his characters rather than their actions. This depended on the readers part in the novel; the reader not reads the novel, but also analyses the characters. (132, 133) Both the French and Russian Novels influenced the English novel to a great extent. There was and an attack on the traditional English novel. By the nineties, George Moore and Someres Maugham were greatly influenced by the French novel. As Collins puts it, French influence meant in part an aggressively frank realism but more importantly it meant greater attention to structure and expression. (137) The Russian novel, however, had a much more and deeper impact on the traditional English novel after the publication of the translations of great writers such Tolstoy and Dostoevsky. The Russian novel stressed the importance of the inner self and the subconscious. As Collins mentions in his book,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By the work of the Russian masters it was possible to realize   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How much more deeply one could penetrate into the human soul   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  than English novelists had so far attempted. Many felt that in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  comparison with such work the English novel appeared   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  provincial and soulless, half-blinded to the psychological   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  wonders of human personality. The influence of the Russian   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  novel came to a head in time to join the forces with the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  psychology of the subconscious mindThe time was ripe for an   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  attempt to revolutionise the English novel. (137) The stream of consciousness is one of the distinguishing features of a Psychological Novel. It is an important aspect of a Psychological Novel. The term stream of consciousness was coined by the American philosopher and psychologist, William James. It was used for the first time in the review that the novelist/philosopher, May Sinclair, in 1915, about the first volume of Samuel Richardsons Pilgrimage. The stream of consciousness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  refer[s] to a method of presenting, as if directly and without   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  meditation, the flowing or jagged sequence of thoughts,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  perceptions, preconscious associations, memories, half-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  realized impressions, and so on, of one or more characters-the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  attempt, in fiction, to imitate the complete mental life as it   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  manifests itself in the ongoing present. (233) The stream of consciousness technique has been widely used by many famous 20th century English and American novelists. It is used by James Joyce in his novel Ulysses. It is employed in nearly all of Virginia Woolfs novels, namely; To the lighthouse, Mrs. Dalloway, The Waves, Jacobs Room and Between the Acts. It is also used in William Faulkners The Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying and Absalom! Absalom!. Moreover, Samuel Becketts trilogy: Molloy, Malone Dies, The Unnamable as well as D.H. Lawrences Sons and Lovers and Women in Love are good examples of such a technique. However, the origin of the stream of consciousness technique is believed to go back to the eighteenth-century fiction. William Faulkners The Sound and the Fury (1929), which is the main subject of this paper, is rich in the stream of consciousness technique, particularly the first three sections. In the first section, Benjys section, Faulkner uses the stream of consciousness to reflect the flow of thoughts inside Benjys mind. There is no chronological order in anything Benjy mentions. Rather, there are rapid time shifts for he relates a certain event and then goes on to speak about an entirely different event. Then he moves back to complete the first event or he might not. (revise the novel and provide example using quotation). Another aspect that is related to the stream of consciousness technique and is obvious in this section is the association of images or the preconscious associations as Kawin so describes it. For example, the sound of the word caddie reminds Benjy of his sister Caddy. This shows that the reader is not only reading the novel and following its events, but the reader is also making deductions. Benjy is not saying that caddie reminds him of his sister Caddy, but it is the reader who deduces this idea. This is the role of the reader and this is what makes a psychological novel unique and different; the reader has a role in the novel. The characters do not say that they are using the stream of consciousness technique, but it is the reader who finds out this. In this respect, Kawin points out that   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Benjy is not aware that X reminds him of Y and that he has   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  an attitude toward the difference between X and Y (he does not   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  say to himself that he misses Caddy, for instance). But the reader   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  deduces the meaning of the juxtaposition of X and Y, which is   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  his thought, and his occasional bellowing can be taken as   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  further evidence (that he misses the Caddy he thought of when   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  he heard caddie, though he cannot say this). (253) Although the style of Benjys section is very simple and so is the vocabulary, this section is considered the most difficult in the whole novel. This is due to the fact that Benjy is an idiot with the mind of an infant. In addition, the present and the past are one thing for Benjy; he has no sense of time. Faulkner again employs the stream of consciousness technique in the second section of this novel, which is Quentins section. Quentins section is easier to read than Benjys. One can follow with what he is saying whether italics are used or not to indicate his moving to relate a memory from the past. Unlike Benjy, Quentin completes every event that he relates to the very end. However, and like Benjys section, Quentins section is characterized by an extreme flow of thoughts when remembering certain memories during his last day before committing suicide. Quentin, for example, describes his confrontation with Herbert, Caddys suitor, telling him to leave town and never try to see Caddy again:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I came to tell you to leave town   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  he broke a piece of bark deliberately dropped it carefully   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  into the water watched it float away   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I said you must leave town   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  he looked at me   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  did she send you to me   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I say you must go not my father not anybody I say it   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  listen save this for a while I want to know if shes all right   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  have they been bothering her up there   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  thats something you dont need to trouble yourself about   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  then I heard myself saying Ill give you until sundown to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  leave town (159) This is a typical example of the stream of consciousness technique, where there is no punctuation, no capitalization, and no full stops. This helps Quentin to reflect his thoughts without any kind of interruption. In addition, Quentin uses a past stream of consciousness in relating certain episodes in his life. This is due to the fact that the day in which he is speaking is the last day before his death. Quentin will commit suicide shortly after the last page of this section. This day is the only present for Quentin; everything else is past for him. Quentins section is clearly different from Benjys and in explaining this difference, Chase claims in The American Novel and its Tradition:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Quentin section of The Sound and the Fury [the reader]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  find[s] some of the same evocativeness of the Benjy section.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eventsassume new dimensions, because now they are called   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  forth in a fairly complicated and sophisticated mind. Quentins   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mind like Benjys, in this respect, is obsessive and returns again   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  and again to a few images and ideas; and this gives a necessary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  consistency to what might otherwise be an inchoate flow of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  reminiscence and perception. (228) The stream of consciousness technique is not used in the third section, Jasons section, as much as it is used in Benjys and Quentins. Jason is not really obsessed with the past as Benjy and Quentin are. He is rather obsessed with his present financial situation; he only thinks of money and how to gain larger amounts of money. He is even ready to steal others if this is the only way for him and this is what he does with his niece, Quentin. He takes most of the money sent by her mother, Caddy, and leaves her very few pennies. Dilsey better describes Jason when she tells him, Yous a cold man, Jason, if man you is (207). An example of the stream of consciousness technique in this section is when Jason remembers a series of past events such as having an idiot brother and a second brother who is a Harvard student who committed suicide. He also remembers his sister who committed promiscuity and since then it was ordered that her name should not be mentioned anymore in the house:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Like a man would naturally think, one of them is crazy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  And another one drowned himself and the other one was   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  turned out into the street by her husband, whats the rea-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  son the rest of them are not crazy too. All the time I could   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  see them watching me like a hawk, waiting for a chance to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  say Well Im not surprised I expected it all the time the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  whole familys crazy. Selling land to send him to Harvard   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (233) As for the fourth and last section, Dilseys section, it focuses on Dilsey, the negro servant in the Compson house and mentioning any missing details in the previous three sections. Although this section is devoted to Dilsey, after whom this section is named, it is narrated in the third person point of view unlike the other three sections of the three brothers. The stream of consciousness technique is not employed in this section. On the other hand,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  [t]he final section offers us the first straightforward narrative.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Here Faulkner adjusts his style to fit the character of Dilsey. We   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  have a quiet, dignified style; the reader is presented the events of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the fourth section without any comment or without any   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  complicated sentence structure. And in the light of the other   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  three sections narrated by a Compson, this final section has   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  a strong sense of control and order. Faulkner uses the stream of consciousness technique in the first three sections and this narrative technique indeed distinguishes these sections. However, when Faulkner dispenses with it in the last section, he is still able to give Dilseys section an air of uniqueness. Of all the characters in The Sound and the Fury, Dilsey appeals much to the readers. This is something intended by Faulkner in his novel. Dilsey accepts things as they really are; she lives in the real world. As a result, when all the other characters are at loss, Dilsey is morally active. Another important feature of a Psychological Novel that is employed by William Faulkner in The Sound and the Fury, particularly the first three sections is the interior monologue. The interior monologue is [a] technique of recording the continuum of impressions, thoughts and impulses either prompted by conscious experience or arising from the well of the subconscious. The interior monologue is the inner voice of the character. It does not only reveal the psychology of each character, but also how each character differs in their reaction toward certain people or events. The interior monologue shows that not all the characters think the same way. William Faulkner has used the interior monologue narrative technique with Benjy, Quentin and Jason to uncover the attitude and feelings of each towards their sister, Caddy. In the first section, Caddy is portrayed as the caring and loving sister. She is a source of joy and comfort for Benjy. She is always looking after him and that is why he loves her more than any of his two brothers. When reading the first section, one can realize that nearly all of Benjys memories are associated with Caddy. She is the one whose picture is still present intensively in his mind because she has played the greater role in his life. In the second section, Quentins inner voice makes the reader find out that he truly loves his sister, Caddy. Even when he knows about her promiscuity, he tries to help her and stand by her side rather than pose difficulties upon her; he confesses to his father that he has committed incest with his sister in order to make it appear that it is his own fault. In the third section, the interior monologue reveals how much Jason hates his sister, Caddy. He greatly supports the idea that her name should not be mentioned anymore in the house in order to forget the shame she has brought the family. However, he takes from the money she sends her daughter and he leaves his niece very few amounts of what her mother sends her. Thus the sound and the fury is a good example of a psychological novel in exemplifying through the stream of consciousness technique.

Technology Negatively Affects Children Essay -- Electronic Games, Text

The current generation of children is completely different than the preceding ones. They are living in the digital age. â€Å"Technology has blended in with daily activity to become a way of life and children today take for granted all of which is automated. It is hard for kids nowadays to imagine a world that existed without all of the gadgets, electronics and seamless operations that computer technology provides.† (3) â€Å"Children in the United States devote some 40 hours a week to television, video games and the Internet.† (12) Many psychologists and researchers are concerned about the impact that technology has on children. Children, tomorrow’s future parents and leaders, are being consumed by the negative effects that technology had on their development (3). The use of modern technology impairs children by weakening social, emotional, physical, and cognitive development. (paragraph) Technology affects social development in children in many different ways. Children acquire electronic games, personal computers, and cell phones at ever-younger ages. â€Å"Surveys indicate that about 82% of children are online by 7th grade and experience about 6.5 hours per day of media exposure. Most children communicate more through electronic devices and spend less face time with family members and peers. Text messaging and emails provide limited of no access to other people’s emotions, and the rich language of non verbal communication that in real-time interactions is lost. The quality of family time is compromised if children are using technology. The family would not be able to talk very much during dinner time because of distractions like watching television, listening to music, checking email, answering the phone, and text messaging (7). (paragr... ...aine. The problem is that release means there is less dopamine available when the child needs to perform other, less enjoyable tasks, such as homework. Video games are not like cocaine, but your brain things they are cocaine. (13) (paragraph) â€Å"In days of yesteryear, kids lived a more carefree life than those growing up in today’s automated world. Today’s constant access to news feeds showcases a plethora of the bad and unfortunate events happening across the globe and as a result, it seems parental fear is heightened.†(3) All over the internet and television there are awful news stories that could make children scared about their security. It will make them not able to trust the world and they will have a more cynical view on the world as a whole. (paragraph) Most people do not think about how technology affects a child’s physical development and well being.

NeoMed Tech

Subject line: Describe what went right and what went wrong with this venture. Add in how you would fix the Identified problems, If this was your company. Needed Technologies developed a diagnostic device used for cardiac testing, and is headquartered in Ohio. They developed a CAD screen system to detect coronary artery disease. The company was founded in 2000 and is based in Cleveland, Ohio.Needed Technologies was faced with a lot of difficult decisions at the beginning when it came to where their product would best fit and be most successful. They ad developed a technology that could fit Into many markets, but needed to choose a product path and market. Their continued challenges occurred due to the changes In the market direction of venture capital opportunities and the funding available, all due to changes in the economy at that time.Due to the lack of funding, and a continued decline in Venture Capital funding along with a downturn in the economy; I believe had the economic situa tion been different at the time when they needed venture capital funding, the would've faced less challenges. The management team and Board of Directors were selected carefully and all had the experience and the background needed for success In the product market space. Needed Technologies had a strong business plan, and had conducted extensive research in initial planning stages.I believe based on the reading materials in this chapter; they did all the right things in the planning and early development stages. Although Needed Technologies had to contend with big name competitors and major players in the diagnostic and imaging market such as GE Medical and Philips, also located in the Ohio region; their strategy to be headquartered in Ohio was a sound decision. However, they should've investigated further in the opportunity to obtain venture capital funding outside of the Ohio region.Perhaps they could've spent more time studying competitive business cases of companies Like competit or, Heartaches, who specializes In the BEST test. The Heartaches product, although more costly, had seen success and was widely accepted in the Medical field. Despite the added cost of the Heartaches BEST test, they were seeing success in the market. One strategy change I would've considered early on was not applying all resources of their technology into one area.Needed Technologies should've considered applying their initial product development to the technology of screening for drugs, drug delivery applications or detecting cancer. These areas would've possibly allowed for a quick to market product, without the additional approvals, quality standards applied in the medical equipment space, and FDA approvals needed. Bringing a simpler product to market first could've brought in revenue to fund the long-term reduce focus off CAD screen system.The profits from a drug screening or drug delivery product could've assisted in funding their long-term product focus, they missed an opportu nity to develop a quick revenue steam. Defense space, for detection of nuclear weapons, or dirty bombs. With the shift later in Venture Capital funding opportunities, they could've experienced success in this area as well. Bottom-line, they put all their eggs in one basket; they failed to have a backup product to develop a quick revenue stream to further fund their long-term goal.However, without a crystal ball that was a difficult decision. There were clear signs of shifts in investment opportunities, the shift indicted investments being shifted towards Homeland Security, military applications, and protection from various biological and chemical threats. Needed Technologies should shift some of their resources to developing a product to fit into that area, thus allowing them the opportunity to obtain additional venture capital funding, and perhaps developing a profitable product in the Homeland Security space.The revenue stream from this reduce would allow them later to proceed wit h their CAD screen system. There was another area of investment that should've been further investigated, â€Å"Angel Investors†, most of who are Entrepreneurs themselves currently, or at some point in their career. Inviting one of the Angel investors a seat on the board, as well as leveraging the experience they have gained from starting their own company, dealing with the challenges of starting a business, and investigating further Venture capital funding areas.Needed Technologies should've reached out farther than Just the Ohio-based Venture Capital firms, this would've allowed them a broader audience of investors and opportunity. I don't believe holding off for perfection is necessarily wrong, especially when dealing with, and factoring in the value of human life. The Needed Technologies board of directors and upper level management all appeared to encompass strong ethics and while that might be a weakness to others, ethics are important and should never be compromised. T oo many companies take the short cut to success and people get hurt.

Checkers: President of the United States and Richard Nixon

IP 611 Sample Proposal General Topic: Richard Nixon’s â€Å"Checkers† Speech (1952) Why: It is the first great demonstration in America of the use and power of television to shape politics. As with Nixon himself, the speech was brilliant, bare knuckles and mawkish, all at once. By going over the heads of the press in directly appealling to the American people, this speech saved Nixon’s political career, delivered a hard (and some would say low) blow back on his political opponents (especially Dwight Eisenhower, the Republican nominee for the presidency, whom Nixon was running with in 1952), and seriously embarrassed his wife.Possible subtopics: †¢ Richard Nixon’s early political career †¢ Nixon’s relationship with Eisenhower †¢ American political parties †¢ Presidential elections and campaigning †¢ Campaign finance †¢ American media †¢ Television and American society †¢ Public response to the speech †¢ Ef fects of the crisis on Richard and Pat Nixon †¢ Canines Research Question: What effects did the â€Å"Checkers† speech have on Richard Nixon’s career and on American presidential campaigning and politics in general?Working Thesis Statement: Richard Nixon’s desperate, hastily organized â€Å"Checkers† speech not only saved his political career—while souring the relationship between himself and Dwight Eisenhower—it fundamentally altered the nature of political campaigning in the United States by its enormously successful, direct appeal to the American people through the new medium of television. (Yeah, I don’t recommend your thesis statement be this long; but this one reflects all the main points I would want to argue in a paper on this topic. I would probably shorten it down in the later stages of the writing process. ).Disciplines: (I have considered six here; you only need to factor three into your paper. ) Anthropology: Anthrop ology studies culture (I think). Although this topic involves a bunch of white men, there were differences within this culture. Nixon was a self-made man, who always had to work hard (and sometimes play dirty) for everything he got. He had a curious relationship with the â€Å"establishment† of the Republican party. While he always manipulated them brilliantly, he never lost the belief that they looked down on him as a poor boy from rural California and that they would drop him as soon as they could.The crisis leading up to the â€Å"Checkers† speech was a prime example of this. Economics: The main focus here would be on campaign financing and expenditures, as the â€Å"Checkers† speech resulted from allegations that Nixon had a secret, political â€Å"slush fund†. Geography: This does not play a big role in this topic, except that Nixon was a rural westerner, while the party â€Å"establishment† was largely made up of wealthy, urban easterners. Hi story: With this discipline, you would consider the context of Richard Nixon’s career, especially the early years.He was one of the most influential persons—for better and for worse—in participating in and shaping the history of the United States in the latter half of the twentieth century. Your paper MUST include this discipline. Political Science: Quite obviously, this is the most relevant discipline for this topic. The main focus here would be on fundamental changes to the nature of election campaigning. Sociology: With this discipline, you would focus on the effects of the new medium of television on American society, as demonstrated by the â€Å"Checkers† speech.Main Points: Section One: This would contain the context for the topic: Nixon’s early political career (especially his strident anticommunism and his quickly gained reputation for playing dirty in political campaigns) and the reasons why Eisenhower chose such a relatively young man to be his running mate in the 1952 presidential election. Section Two: This would examine the reasons why Nixon had to give the speech, how it was quickly organized to be delivered on live television, and an analysis of its overall content and techniques of delivery.Section Three: This section would analyze both the personal and the overall effects of the speech: how the public reacted to it (massively in favour of Nixon), how it saved Nixon’s political career, while seriously embarrassing his wife, and how it forced Eisenhower to keep Nixon on the ticket, while creating a permanent atmosphere of distrust between the two men; on the overall side: an analysis of this early demonstration of the power of television to alter the political landscape in American politics. Note: I have deliberately structured the main points so that the disciplines will be integrated within them as subsets, but not as the principal, organizing element of each one. As I’ve told you before, they w ill look very poorly at your work in university if you hand in an essay that is made up of analysis of distinctly separated disciplines. )

Financial Inclusion for Inclusive Growth

Financial Inclusion for Inclusive Growth: Institutions and Innovations Debesh Roy( I. Introduction An essential pre-requisite for inclusive and sustainable growth is capital formation through credit and financial services. While the benefits of growth due to reforms in India, have concentrated in the hands of those already served by the formal financial system, a large section of the rural and urban poor still do not have access to the formal banking channel. The backward regions of the country, too, lack basic financial infrastructure.The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has, therefore, formulated the policy of financial inclusion with a view to provide banking services at an affordable cost to the disadvantaged and low-income groups. Financial inclusion makes growth broad based and sustainable by progressively encompassing the hitherto excluded population. The idea of financial inclusion in India has its roots in the co-operative movement which started in the year 1904. Historically, na tionalization of commercial banks in 1969 was the most significant effort towards financial inclusion, which led to the spread of bank branches in rural and semi-urban areas.The access to banking services has increased considerably, as may be gauged from the fact that the average population per branch has decreased from 64,000 in 1969 to 13,400 as at the end of March 2011[1]. However, there are still some under-banked states in the country like Bihar, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and the North-Eastern States. Further, in spite of the enhanced outreach of banks in rural areas and the implementation of directed credit, the growing credit needs of farmers, rural artisans and entrepreneurs could not be adequately met from banks during the post-nationalization period.The RBI, therefore, urged banks to review their existing banking practices to align them with the objective of financial inclusion. According to the RBI (RBI, 2008) access to safe, easy and affordable credit and other financial services by the poor and vulnerable groups, disadvantaged areas and lagging sectors is recognized as a pre-condition for accelerating growth and reducing income disparities and poverty. Moreover, access to a well-functioning financial system, by reating equal opportunities, enables economically and socially excluded people to integrate better into the economy and actively contribute to development and also protect themselves against economic shocks. NSSO data reveal that 45. 9 million farmer households in the country (51. 4 per cent), out of a total of 89. 3 million households do not have access to credit, either from institutional or non-institutional sources (Government of India, 2008). Further, despite the vast network of bank branches, only 27 per cent of total farm households are indebted to formal sources (of which one-third also borrow from informal sources).Farm households not accessing credit from formal sources as a proportion to total farm households is especially high at 95. 91 per cent, 81. 26 per cent and 77. 59 per cent in the north-eastern, eastern and central regions respectively. Thus, apart from the fact that exclusion in general is large, it also varies widely across regions, social groups and asset holdings. The poorer the group, the greater is the exclusion (RBI, 2008). The RBI has observed that out of 600,000 habitations in the country, only about 5 per cent have a commercial bank branch (RBI, 2010).Also only about 61 per cent of the population across the country has bank account (savings), and this ratio is much lower in the north-eastern states. Further, 18 per cent of the population has debit cards and about 2 per cent has credit cards (RBI, 2011). India has a significantly low level of financial penetration compared with OECD countries. Further, while the access to bank branches in India fares better than that of China and Indonesia it is worse off when compared with Malaysia and Thailan d. However, in terms of financial access through ATMs, India fares poorly compared to select Asian peer group countries (RBI, 2010[2]).In view of the poor level of financial inclusion in India, the RBI has accorded top-most policy priority to financial inclusion, by advising commercial banks, to formulate specific Board approved Financial Inclusion Plans (FIP) and to act on them on a mission mode. Banks were also advised by the RBI to provide banking services tin every village having a population of over 2000 by 31 March 2012, through bank branches as well as through various ICT-based models including through Business Correspondents (BCs).Banks were also encouraged to cover the peripheral villages with population less than 2000. There has been some improvement in the status of financial inclusion in the country in the last couple of years. Yet the extent of financial exclusion is staggering. Out of every 1000 persons, only 99 had a credit account and 600 had a deposit account as at end-March 2011. This underlined the need to strengthen the financial inclusion drive through well thought out policies (RBI, 2011).Against this backdrop this paper attempts to examine and analyse policy issues related to the promotion of financial inclusion through various institutional and product innovations, and their impact on the achievement of widespread and sustainable inclusive growth. Rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section II presents the status of financial inclusion in India. State-wise Index of Financial Inclusion (IFI) has been developed in Section III. Section IV analyses the role of institutions in promoting financial inclusion.Section V examines innovations in financial inclusion which could lead to inclusive growth. Demand side innovations for financial inclusion have been analyzed in Section VI. Section VII concludes the paper and suggests policy initiatives for the achievement of inclusive growth through financial inclusion. II. Status of Financial Inc lusion in India There has been a consistent increase in the penetration of banking services in India in recent years. However, the rate of increase in the penetration of banking services in the rural and semi-urban areas has been much lower than that in the urban areas.Further, penetration of banking services has been lower in the central, eastern and north-eastern regions of the country compared to the more developed northern, southern and western regions. In order to address this issue, the RBI liberalized the branch authorization policy in December 2009, giving freedom to domestic scheduled commercial banks to open branches at Tier 3 to 6 centres (with population of up to 49,999 as per the Population Census of 2001) without having the need to take permission from RBI in each case, subject to reporting.The RBI has been encouraging banks to expand their network both through setting up of new branches and through the Business Correspondent (BC) model by leveraging upon information a nd communication technology (ICT). This has resulted in an improvement in the status of financial inclusion in 2010-11 over the previous year, as indicated in Table 1. However, the extent of financial exclusion is still quite substantial. This is evident from the fact that only 61. 2 per cent of the population had a deposit account, and 9. 9 per cent had a credit account.Hence, the extent of financial exclusion underscores the need to focus on the strengthening of the financial inclusion drive through a planned, coordinated and innovative approach. Table 1 Progress of Financial Inclusion in India |Sl. No. |Indicator |2009-10 |2010-11 | |1 |Credit-GDP Ratio |53. 4 |54. 6 | |2 |Credit-Deposit Ratio |73. |76. 5 | |3 |Population per Bank Branch |14,000 |13,138 | |4 |Population per ATM |19,700 |16,243 | |5 |Percentage of Population having deposit accounts|55. 8 |61. 2 | |6 |Percentage of Population having credit accounts |9. 3 |9. | |7 |Percentage of Population having debit cards |15. 2 |18. 8 | |8 |Branches opened in Tier 3-6 centres as a per |40. 3 |55. 4 | | |cent of total new bank branches | | | |9 |Branches opened in hitherto unbanked centres as |5. 6 |9. | | |a per cent of total new bank branches | | | Source: Report on Trend and Progress of Banking in India 2010-11, RBI During 2010-11 4826 new branches of scheduled commercial banks were opened. It may be observed from Table 2 that majority of the branches (66. 4 per cent) were opened in the more developed regions viz. northern (23. 2 per cent), southern (26. 2 per cent) and western (17. 0 per cent). The less developed regions accounted for 33. per cent of new branches opened viz. central (18. 1 per cent), eastern (13. 5 per cent) and north-eastern (2. 0 per cent). Further, rural and semi-urban branches accounted for 22. 3 per cent and 41. 7 per cent of new branches, respectively. On the other hand, the share of urban and metropolitan branches stood at 17. 9 per cent and 18. 1 per cent, respectively. Table 2 Distribution of New Bank Branches of Scheduled Commercial Banks across Regions and Population Groups (2010-11) |Regions |No. of new branches |Population groups |No. f new branches | |Central |874 (18. 1) |Rural |1077 (22. 3) | |Eastern |650 (13. 5) |Semi-urban |2011 (41. 7) | |North Eastern |97 (2. 0) |Urban |865 (17. 9) | |Northern |1120 (23. 2) |Metropolitan |873 (18. ) | |Southern |1263 (26. 2) | | | |Western |822 (17. 0) | | | |Total |4826 | |4826 | Note: Figures in parentheses are percentages to total new bank branches. Source: Report on Trend and Progress of Banking in India 2010-11, RBIA major instrument of financial inclusion is the Kisan Credit Card (KCC). KCC enables farmers to access credit at the right time, to meet their pre-sowing as well as well as post-harvest needs. Region-wise and institution-wise status of sanction of KCC as on 31 March 2011 is furnished in Table 3. It may be observed that the southern region accounted for the highest share of KCC issued (36. 3 pe r cent) and the amount sanctioned (32. 5 per cent), followed by the central region with 22. 8 per cent of KCC issued and 23. 7 per cent of the amount sanctioned.The eastern region was ranked third with 17. 2 per cent of cards issued, but was ranked fourth with 10. 2 per cent of the amount sanctioned. The northern region which was ranked fourth (12. 6 per cent) in terms of cards issued, was ranked third in terms of amount sanctioned (23. 6 per cent). The more developed western region, however, accounted for 9. 5 per cent of cards issued and 9. 2 per cent of amount sanctioned. The least developed north-eastern region accounted for 1. 6 per cent of cards issued and 0. 8 per cent of the amount sanctioned.Government of India has launched a programme called ‘Bringing Green Revolution in Eastern India (BGREI)’ in the states of Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Eastern Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, with a view to address the constraints limiting the productivity o f rice based cropping systems. BGREI is expected to raise the demand for agriculture credit and accordingly, banks need to give a special thrust to issuing KCC in these states. Among institutions, the share of commercial banks was the highest in terms of the number of KCC issued (54. per cent) as well as amount sanctioned (69. 4 per cent). While the share of cooperative banks in terms of the number of KCC issued was higher (27. 7 per cent) than that of RRBs (17. 4 per cent), the share of RRBs (15. 8 per cent) was higher than that of cooperative banks (14. 8 per cent) in terms of amount sanctioned. It is, therefore, imperative that in order to achieve greater financial inclusion, there should be a focus on strengthening RRBs and the cooperative credit institutions. Table 3 Kisan Credit Card Scheme (As on 31 March 2011) (Amount in `crore and Number of cards issued in ‘000) |Cooperative Banks |RRBs |Commercial Banks |Total | |Region |Cards Issued |Amount Sanctioned |Cards Issued |Amount |Cards Issued |Amount | | | | | |Sanctioned | |Sanctioned | |High Financial | | | | | | | |Inclusion (0. 5-1) | | | | | | |Punjab |1. 00 |0. 85 |0. 34 |0. 61 |1 |6 | |Karnataka |0. 75 |0. 59 |0. 48 |0. 59 |2 |9 | |Maharashtra |0. 61 |0. 37 |1. 00 |0. 57 |3 |2 | |Kerala |0. 92 |0. 85 |0. 28 |0. 57 |4 |10 | |Tamil Nadu |0. 74 |0. 50 |0. 9 |0. 52 |5 |4 | |Himachal Pradesh |0. 86 |0. 98 |0. 16 |0. 51 |6 |11 | | | | | | | | | |Medium Financial | | | | | | | |Inclusion (0. 3-0. 5) | | | | | | | |Uttarakhand |0. 71 |0. 4 |0. 15 |0. 46 |7 |5 | |Haryana |0. 71 |0. 65 |0. 17 |0. 45 |8 |1 | |Andhra Pradesh |0. 74 |0. 46 |0. 26 |0. 45 |9 |8 | |All-India |0. 50 |0. 35 |0. 40 |0. 41 | | | |Jammu & Kashmir |0. 57 |0. 41 |0. 24 |0. 39 |10 |21 | |Sikkim |0. 7 |0. 81 |0. 07 |0. 37 |11 |3 | |Gujarat |0. 54 |0. 42 |0. 17 |0. 36 |12 |7 | |West Bengal |0. 44 |0. 25 |0. 29 |0. 32 |13 |17 | | | | | | | | | |Low Financial | | | | | | | |Inclusion (